Vijesti ROMI.HR

Postojanje ideja i napora za ostvarenje globalnog kaznenog suda mogu se pratiti od početka 19. stoljeća. Gustav Moynier, švicarski odvjetnik i jedan od osnivača Međunarodnog odbora Crvenog križa, je 1872. godine predložio osnutak stalnog suda kao odgovor na zločine počinjene u francusko-pruskom ratu. Ideja da državna vlast bude ograničena te da ljudi koji su na čelu neke države budu suđeni za ratne zločine mogla bi se smatrati revolucionarnom za ta vremena.

Sljedeći je važni presedan za internacionalizirani pravosudni sustav došao od sastavljača Versajskog ugovora 1919. godine, koji su za cilj imali stvaranje 'ad hoc' međunarodnog suda koji bi sudio kajzeru Wilhelmu II i drugim njemačkim ratnim zločincima iz Prvog svjetskog rata. Iako se to može smatrati slučajem „pravde pobjednika“, kako je to bio prvi put da je šefu države suđeno za pokretanje rata i počinjenja zločina u njemu, bilo je vrlo inovativno. U stvarnosti nikada nije bio izručen te je umro bez suđenja u Nizozemskoj.

Nakon zločina koji su se dogodili tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, u Londonu je stvorena Komisija pravnika kako bi potakla suđenje nacističkim vođama koji su preživjeli rat. Taj su sud sačinjavali suci zemalja saveznica: Velika Britanija, Francuska, Sovjetski Savez i Sjedinjene Američke Države.

Suđenja u Nürnbergu su bila niz vojnih suđenja koje su nakon Drugog svjetskog rata provele Savezničke sile po međunarodnim i ratnim zakonima. Najistaknutiji članovi političkog, vojnog, sudskog i gospodarskog vodstva nacističke Njemačke, koji su planirali, provodili ili na bilo koji drugi način sudjelovali u holokaustu i drugim ratnim zločinima te zločinima protiv čovječnosti su bili suđeni.

U istom je kontekstu stvoren i Međunarodni vojni sud za Daleki istok, također poznat kao Tokijsko suđenje ili Tokijski sud za ratne zločine. Bilo je to vojni sud sazvan 29. travnja 1946. godine kako bi se čelnicima Japanskog carstva sudilo za zajedničku zavjeru da započnu i vode rat, ratne zločine te zločine protiv čovječnosti. Jedina zemlja koja nije prošla kroz ovaj proces nakon što je izgubila rat bila je Italija.

Ponovno, oba se suda mogu smatrati primjerima „pravde pobjednika“, međutim, oni su stvorili potrebnu osnovu i presedane za izradu aktualnog Rimskog statuta.

Opća skupština Ujedinjenih naroda je 1948. godine usvojila Konvenciju o sprječavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida u kojoj je pozvala na suđenje zločincima od strane međunarodnih kaznenih sudova koji mogu biti nadležni i pozvala je Komisiju za međunarodno pravo (ILC) da razmotri mogućnost uspostavljanja međunarodnog pravosudnog tijela za suđenja osobama optuženim za genocid. Dok je ILC pripremao takav statut početkom 1950-ih, hladni rat je zaustavio te napore te je Opća skupština odustala od te ideje čekajući dogovor o definiciji zločina agresije i međunarodnog kaznenog zakonodavstva.

U 90-ima, raspadom Sovjetskog Saveza i samim time okončanjem hladnog rata, raspadom Jugoslavije te balkanskim ratom i genocidom u Ruandi, ideja o stvaranju Međunarodnog kaznenog suda ponovno je bila prisutna. Dana 25. svibnja 1993. godine Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju (ICTY) osnovan je kao 'ad hoc' sud od strane Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda, osnovanog za suđenje teškim zločinima počinjenih tijekom ratova u Jugoslaviji, kao i za suđenje njihovim počiniteljima. Slobodanu Miloševiću se sudilo od strane ovoga Suda, i to je bio prvi put u povijesti da je šef države optužen i predan u nadležnost Međunarodnog suda. Iako nije osuđen jer je umro prije nego što se suđenje moglo završiti, činjenica da je šef države optužen pred Međunarodnim sudom zbog višestrukih zločina govori o važnosti i potrebi postojanja stalnog tijela, spremnog za djelovanje kada se za to ukaže potreba.

Više od godinu dana kasnije, 8. studenog 1994. godine, stvoren je Međunarodni kazneni sud za Ruandu. Opet kao 'ad hoc' sud Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda, kako bi se sudilo osobama odgovornim za genocid u Ruandi i druga ozbiljna kršenja međunarodnog prava u Ruandi, ili od strane državljana Ruande u susjednim državama između 1. siječnja i 31. prosinca 1994. godine.

Godine 1994. Komisija za međunarodno pravo predstavila je Općoj skupštini UN-a svoj konačni nacrt Statuta Međunarodnog kaznenog suda (ICC) i preporučila da se sazove konferencija opunomoćenika kako bi se pregovaralo o ugovoru i usvojio Statut. Kako bi razmotrila glavna pitanja u nacrtu Statuta, Opća skupština je osnovala Ad hoc odbor za uspostavu Međunarodnog kaznenog suda, koji se sastao dva puta u 1995. godini.

Koalicija za Međunarodni kazneni sud, koja danas uključuje 2.500 organizacija civilnog društva u 150 različitih zemalja, igrala je veliku ulogu u izradi Rimskog statuta. Činjenica da je civilno društvo aktivno sudjelovalo u pisanju Statuta učinila je neke velike sile nevoljnima da ga potpišu i ratificiraju, jer su htjele zaštititi svoje visoke zapovjednike u ratu.

Sama nam povijest ukazuje na potrebu da imamo stalni Međunarodni kazneni sud, jer on ima veću mogućnost za analizu legitimnosti, ali i za analize učinkovitosti. Prva obrana kojom bi se svatko suprostavio 'ad hoc' sudu bila bi kršenje načela prirodnog suca, tako postojanjem stalnog suda riješavamo to pitanje. Što se tiče učinkovitosti, Stalni sud, a koji nije bio improviziran kako bi pravdu primjenio u nasilnom međunarodnom sukobu, vjerovatno je da će biti brži, neutralniji i objektivniji u pogledu sukoba u budućnosti. I konačno, samo njegovo postojanje djelovalo bi kao sredstvo odvraćanja za one koji su ratificirali njegov Statut i prihvatili njegovu nadležnost, jer će znati da njihovi zločini neće proći nekažnjeno.

World Day for International Justice, also referred to as Day of International Criminal Justice or International Justice Day, is an international day celebrated throughout the world on July 17 as part of an effort to recognize the emerging system of international criminal justice. July 17, 1998 is the date of the adoption of Rome Estatute, the treaty that created the International Criminal Court. On 1 June 2010, at the Review Conference of the Rome Statute held in Kampala (Uganda), the Assembly of State Parties decided to celebrate 17 July as the Day of International Criminal Justice.

The ideas and efforts to create a global criminal court can be traced back to the early 19th century. In 1872 with Gustav Moynier, a Swiss laywer and one of the founders of the International Committee of the Red Cross, proposed a permanent court in response to the crimes commited in the Franco-Prussian War. The idea that the State power to be limited, and for the people running the State to be submitted to trial for war crimes could be considered as revolutionary for those times.

The next important precedent for an internationalized system of justice came from the drafters of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, who had as a goal the creation of an ad hoc international court to judge the Kaiser, Wilhelm II and German war criminals of World War I. Even though it could be considered as a case of “winner's justice“ it was quite innovative as it was the first time that a Head of State would be judged for starting a war and commiting crimes in it. In reality he was never extradited and died without any trial in the Netherlands.

After the atrocities which took place during the Second World War, in London, a comission of Jurists was created to judge the Nazi hierarchs who survived the war. This court was composed by judges of the Allies: Soviet Union, United States, France and the United Kingdom. 

The Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of the most prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes and crimes against humanity.

In the same context, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also known as the Tokyo Trial or the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal was created. It was a military trial convened on April 29, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for joint conspiracy to start and wage war, conventional war crimes and crimes against humanity. The only country who did not go through this process after losing the world was Italy.

Again, both tribunals could be considered as examples of “winners justice“, however, they created the necesary foundation and precedents for the drafting of the current Statute of Rome.

In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in which it called for criminals to be tried by such international penal tribunals as may have jurisdiction and invited the International Law Commission (ILC) to study the possibility of establishing an international judicial organ for the trials of persons charged with genocide. While the ILC drafted such a statute in the early 1950s, the Cold War put a stop to these efforts and the General Assembly effectively abandoned the idea pending an agreement on a definition for the crime of aggression and an international Code of Crimes.

In the 90's, with the colapse of the Soviet Union and consecuent end of the Cold War, the dissolution of Yugoslavia with the following Balkan War and the Rwanda genocide, the idea of the creation of a International Criminal Court was strong once again. The 25 May 1993 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was created as an ad hoc tribunal by the United Nations Security Countil, established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. Slobodan Milošević was submitted to trial by this tribunal, and it was the first time in history that a Head of State was accused and submitted to the jurisdiction of an International Court. Even though he was not senteced as he died before the trial could be concluded, the fact that a Head of State was submitted to an International Court for multiple crimes speaks about the importance and need of having a permanent body ready to act when it is needed.

Over a year later, the 8 November 1994, the  International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was created, again as an ad hoc tribunal by the United Nations Security Council, in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

In 1994, the International Law Commission presented its final draft statute for an ICC to the UN General Assembly and recommended that a conference of plenipotentiaries be convened to negotiate a treaty and enact the Statute. To consider major substantive issues in the draft statute, the General Assembly established the Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, which met twice in 1995.

The Coalition for the International Criminal Court, which nowadays, includes 2,500 civil society organizations in 150 different countries, played a major role in the drafting of the Rome Statute. The fact that civil society actively participating in the writing of the Statute made some of the main powers reluctant to sign and ratify it, as they wanted to protect their high commands in war.

History itself show us the need of having a permanent International Criminal Court as it has more power from both a legitimacy analysis and efficiency analysis. The first defense that anyone would oppose to an ad hoc court would be the violation of the principle of the natural judge, so by having a permanent court you solve this issue. Regarding efficiency, a Court that has been stablished for years in a permanent form, which has not been improvised in order to bring justice to a violent international conflict, is more likely to be faster, more neutral and objective regarding the conflicts to come. And finally, its mere existence would work as a deterrent for the ones who have ratified its Statute and submitted to its jurisdictions, as they will know their crimes will not go unpunished.