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For many years, Roma lacked a unified international platform to express concerns, defend Roma rights, and shape the collective future for Roma. The World Roma Congress changed that by establishing a formal space where Roma voices could be heard, and shared goals could be pursued. It marked the beginning of an organized, cross-border effort to challenge discrimination, promote social inclusion, and preserve Roma identity and culture. Beyond political advocacy, the Congress has also been a symbol of resilience and empowerment—bringing together Roma communities to speak with one voice. Through its continued work, the Congress plays a key role in the global movement for Roma dignity, equality, and representation.

First World Roma Congress (1971)

The opening Congress took place from April 8 to 12, 1971, in Orpington near London, England. It was attended by 23 representatives from nine nations: Czechoslovakia, Finland, Norway, France, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Spain, and Yugoslavia. Observers from Belgium, Canada, India, and the United States were also present. The event received funding from the World Council of Churches and the Government of India.

During this Congress, five sub-commissions were established to focus on:

• Social Affairs
• Education
• War Crimes
• Language
• Culture

Key decisions made included:

• Roma Flag: A flag featuring blue (up) and green (down) colors with a red, sixteen-spoked wheel was reaffirmed as the national emblem of the Roma people. Its design features two horizontal bands: blue on top, symbolizing the sky and spiritual values, and green below, representing the earth and material values. Centrally placed is a red, sixteen-spoked wheel reflecting the Roma's nomadic traditions and paying homage to their Indian origins. 
• Establishment of the Roma Anthem: The song Đelem, đelem (Gelem, Gelem) was adopted as the official anthem.
• Roma Name: The Congress decided to call upon everyone to use the term “Roma” to refer to Roma people, instead of the many other names that were historically used—many of which had become pejorative. The adoption of the term “Roma” marked a significant step toward reclaiming identity. As part of this decision, the International Gypsy Committee was renamed the Komiteto Lumniako Romano (International Rom Committee).

Second World Roma Congress (1978)

Held in Geneva, Switzerland, in April 1978, this Congress saw 120 delegates from 26 countries. The most significant outcome was the transformation of the International Rom Committee into the International Roma Union.

Third World Roma Congress (1981)

In May 1981, Göttingen in West Germany hosted the third Congress, attended by 600 delegates and observers from 28 countries. Discussions emphasized the recognition of Roma as a national (ethnic) minority of Indian origin, and the Porajmos (the genocide of Roma during World War II) was a major topic.

Fourth World Roma Congress (1990)

The fourth Congress took place in Serock, Poland, in 1990, with 250 delegates. Topics included World War II reparations, education, culture, public relations, language, and the creation of a Roma language encyclopedia. Notably, April 8 was officially declared as International Roma Day, commemorating the first Congress in 1971.

Fifth World Roma Congress (2000)

In July 2000, Prague, Czech Republic, hosted the fifth Congress. Emil Ščuka was elected president of the International Roma Union, and the Congress produced the official Roma declaration non-territorial nation.

Sixth World Roma Congress (2004)

Lanciano, Italy, was the venue for the sixth Congress on October 8 and 9, 2004. Over 200 delegates from 39 countries participated. Stanisław Stankiewicz of Poland was chosen as the new president of the International Roma Union, and a committee was established to address issues concerning women, families, and children.

Seventh World Roma Congress (2008)

The seventh Congress took place in Zagreb, Croatia, in 2008. Discussions centered on human rights, social inclusion, and political representation.

Eighth World Roma Congress (2013)

In 2013, the eighth Congress was held in Sibiu, Romania. Key topics included education, employment, anti-discrimination efforts, and Roma participation in European politics.

Ninth World Roma Congress (2015)

The ninth Congress took place in Riga, Latvia, in August 2015, with around 250 delegates from 25 countries attending. One of the key outcomes was the formation of a Federation by 21 of these countries, aimed at addressing common challenges faced by Roma communities. This step highlighted the need for more coordinated international cooperation in advocating for Roma rights and improving living conditions.

Tenth World Roma Congress (2016)

The tenth Congress was held in Skopje, North Macedonia, in March 2016. While limited details are publicly available, the event served as a continuation of the dialogue on Roma rights, inclusion, and the implementation of earlier Congress resolutions.

Eleventh World Roma Congress (2023)

The eleventh Congress was organized in Berlin, Germany, from 15 to 17 May 2023. This most recent gathering marked an important return after several years, reinforcing the commitment to Roma unity, identity, and activism across Europe and beyond. The Congress provided a renewed platform for discussing ongoing issues such as discrimination, social inequality, and representation in political processes.

Conclusion

The World Roma Congress has played a vital role in shaping Roma rights and representation on a global scale. These gatherings have not only strengthened Roma identity and culture but also pushed for political recognition, social inclusion, and justice for historical tragedies like the Porajmos. Through initiatives such as the adoption of a flag, an anthem, and the official recognition of International Roma Day (April 8), the Congresses has helped unify Roma communities worldwide.

The first Congress was a historic milestone—it laid the foundation for organized Roma activism on an international level. While the following Congresses continued to carry forward its spirit, over time, other Roma organizations also emerged, sometimes competing for leadership and influence in representing Roma interests. 

Each year, April is recognized as Roma Month, celebrating Roma history, culture, and contributions while raising awareness of the challenges Roma people still face. This is an important platform for Roma advocacy, ensuring their voices are heard and their rights are defended in the face of ongoing discrimination and exclusion.